Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

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In certain Citrus and mango varieties, seeds are observed to give rise to several seedlings that are genetically identical to the mother plant.

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Special variations on the normal seed-forming process occur in some angiosperms, a point discussed in NCERT Class 12, Chapter 2 (Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants). In several Citrus and mango varieties, nucellar cells surrounding the embryo sac divide and protrude into it, each developing into an embryo. This results in the presence of more than one embryo in a seed, a condition called polyembryony, and because the additional embryos arise from maternal diploid tissue without meiosis or fertilization, they are clones of the mother plant, a form of apomixis. Parthenocarpy is incorrect because it produces fruits without seeds, the opposite of forming many embryos in a seed. Cross-pollination by insects describes a pollination mode and does not explain multiple identical seedlings. Vivipary in mangroves refers to seeds germinating while still on the parent plant, an unrelated phenomenon. A consistency check fits: identical seedlings from one seed require asexual embryo formation, which apomictic polyembryony provides.

Sexual Reproduction In Flowering Plants

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