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Question

Adding pentavalent impurity to silicon creates:

RankGuru · Accepted Answer

Silicon (tetravalent) has 4 valence electrons. Pentavalent impurities (like Phosphorus, Arsenic, or Antimony) have 5 valence electrons.
- Four of these electrons form covalent bonds with neighboring Si atoms.
- The fifth electron is loosely bound and becomes a 'free' charge carrier even at low temperatures.
- Since the majority carriers are now negatively charged electrons, the material is called an **n-type** (n for negative) semiconductor.

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n-type semiconductor doping introduces?