Benzene

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Benzene undergoes substitution reactions rather than addition because:

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**Benzene** ($C_6H_6$) is a cyclic, planar molecule with a cloud of delocalized $\pi$ electrons.
- It possesses **Aromaticity**, characterized by a high **resonance energy** ($\approx 150 	ext{ kJ/mol}$).
- An **addition reaction** (like that of alkenes) would destroy the cyclic delocalization and sacrifice this resonance stability.
- **Electrophilic Substitution** allow the benzene ring to react while preserving its stable aromatic system. Thus, benzene behaves very differently from isolated alkenes.

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Benzene

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Nitration of benzene produces:

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