Steam Distillation

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Steam distillation is suitable for substances that:

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1. **Principle**: Steam distillation is used for **steam-volatile** substances that are **immiscible with water**.
2. **Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures**: In such a mixture, the total vapor pressure is the sum of the vapor pressures of the substance ($p_1$) and water ($p_2$): $P_{Total} = p_1 + p_2$.
3. **Boiling Condition**: The mixture boils when $P_{Total}$ reaches atmospheric pressure. This happens at a temperature **below $100^\circ C$** (the boiling point of water).
4. **Advantage**: It allows liquids with very high boiling points (which might decompose if heated directly to their boiling point) to be distilled safely at lower temperatures.
5. **Examples**: Separation of Aniline from water, extraction of essential oils from plants.

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