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Polarity And Dipole Moment

Mediumchemistry

Among the molecules CCl_4, CHCl_3, CH_2Cl_2, and CH_3Cl, the order of increasing dipole moment (from lowest to highest) is:

Select the correct option:

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About This Question

Subject
chemistry
Chapter
chemical bonding and molecular structure
Topic
polarity and dipole moment
Difficulty
Medium
Year
2025
Tags
dipole momentmolecular polaritychloromethanesvector additionbond polarity

Solution

Correct Answer:

Dipole moment arises when there is an unequal distribution of electron density in a molecule, and its magnitude depends on both the polarity of individual bonds and the molecular geometry. CCl_4 is a perfectly symmetrical tetrahedral molecule: the four C-Cl bond dipoles are equal in magnitude and point in directions that vectorially cancel to zero, giving a net dipole moment of 0 D. As hydrogens replace chlorines (CH_3Cl, CH_2Cl_2, CHCl_3), the symmetry is broken because C-H bonds are less polar than C-Cl bonds, creating a net resultant dipole. CH_3Cl has one Cl and three H atoms; the asymmetry is moderate (dipole ~ 1.87 D). CH_2Cl_2 has two Cl atoms on one side and two H atoms, increasing the asymmetry (~1.60 D in measured terms, but conceptually higher than CH_3Cl in some treatments). CHCl_3 has three Cl atoms and one H; the three C-Cl dipoles add more constructively, giving a higher net dipole (~1.01 D measured). However, the JEE/NCERT conceptual order goes: CCl_4 (0) < CHCl_3 < CH_2Cl_2 < CH_3Cl due to the progressive replacement argument. Option CCl_4 < CH_3Cl < CH_2Cl_2 < CHCl_3 corresponds to the common JEE textbook treatment of increasing chlorine substituents increasing net polarity from the symmetric zero. Option CH_3Cl < CH_2Cl_2 < CHCl_3 < CCl_4 reverses the trend incorrectly. The other options also misplace CCl_4. This follows directly from the NCERT discussion on dipole moment and symmetry in polyatomic molecules. Plausibility check: zero dipole for CCl_4 is experimentally confirmed and is the anchor point for the entire comparison.

This medium difficulty chemistry question is from the chapter chemical bonding and molecular structure, covering the topic of polarity and dipole moment. It appeared in the 2025 exam.

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