Hormone Action

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Which one of the following is not a second messenger in hormone action?

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1. **Mechanism of Action**: Certain hormones (like peptides and catecholamines) cannot cross the cell membrane and instead bind to surface receptors.
2. **Second Messengers**: These receptors activate intracellular molecules called second messengers to relay the signal.
3. **Examples**: Common second messengers include cyclic AMP ($cAMP$), cyclic GMP ($cGMP$), Phosphoinositol ($IP_3$), and Calcium ions ($Ca^{2+}$).
4. **Conclusion**: Sodium ions ($Na^+$) do not typically function as second messengers in these signaling pathways.

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Hormone Action

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Which of the following hormones interacts with membrane-bound receptors?

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