Errors In Measurement

Percentage error expresses the absolute uncertainty as a fraction of the measured value, scaled by one hundred, and it tells us the relative reliability of a measurement. The defining relation is percentage error = (absolute error / measured value) × 100. Substituting the absolute error of 2 ohm and the measured resistance of 100 ohm gives (2 / 100) × 100 = 2%. The choice 0.2% would result from forgetting to multiply the ratio by one hundred and instead reporting the bare fraction times ten. The choice 20% overstates the error tenfold, as if the uncertainty were 20 ohm rather than 2 ohm. The choice 0.02% is simply the dimensionless ratio without any percentage conversion and is far too small. This is the same definition of relative and percentage error introduced in the NCERT measurement chapter and used in every error-analysis problem. As a sanity check, an uncertainty that is one-fiftieth of the reading should indeed be a small but non-negligible two percent, which is consistent with a typical resistor tolerance band.