Diazotization

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Diazotization of aniline performed at low temperature (~0–5°C) because:

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1. **The Reaction**: $C_6H_5NH_2 + NaNO_2 + 2HCl 	o C_6H_5N_2^+Cl^-$ (Benzene diazonium chloride).
2. **Intermediate Nature**: Diazonium salts are relatively unstable, especially those of aliphatic amines. Aromatic diazonium salts are stabilized by resonance but only at low temperatures.
3. **Decomposition**: If the temperature rises above $5^\circ C$ or $10^\circ C$, the salt undergoes **hydrolysis**.
4. **Reaction Products**: It reacts with the water in the medium to form phenol and releases Nitrogen gas ($N_2$).
5. **Conclusion**: Maintaining **ice-cold conditions** is critical to keep the diazonium salt intact for further synthetic steps like the Sandmeyer reaction.

Diazotization

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