color of complexes

Question

Color in transition metal complexes mainly arises due to:

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1. **Orbital Splitting**: CFT explains that $d$-orbitals of a metal are split into two sets (e.g., $t_{2g}$ and $e_g$) by the ligand field.
2. **Radiation Absorption**: When white light falls on the complex, an electron from a lower energy $d$-orbital can absorb a specific wavelength (energy) and jump to a higher energy $d$-orbital.
3. **Observed Color**: The transmitted light (what we see) consists of the remaining wavelengths, which is the **complementary color** of the absorbed radiation.
4. **Requirement**: This necessitates partially filled $d$-orbitals. $d^{10}$ (zinc) and $d^0$ (scandium III) complexes are generally colorless.

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Color of transition metal complexes primarily arises from: