Collision Theory

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Collision theory requires effective collisions have:

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1. **Collision Frequency**: Simply colliding is not enough for a reaction to occur.
2. **Energy Factor**: Colliding particles must have a combined kinetic energy equal to or greater than the **threshold energy** (or activation energy).
3. **Orientation Factor**: Particles must collide in a **specific orientation** that allows the redistribution of electrons and breaking/forming of bonds.
4. **Effective Collisions**: Only those collisions that satisfy both the energy and orientation criteria lead to products.
5. **Theoretical Rate**: $Rate = P \cdot Z \cdot e^{-E_a/RT}$, where $Z$ is collision frequency and $P$ is the orientation (probability) factor.

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Collision Theory

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